Image and Authenticity in Popular Music: Hip Hop, Country, and Punk
Wednesday, July 25, 2007
For Thursday...
1) http://www.mp3.com/news/stories/9464.html
This is an interview with KRS-1 from Boogie Down Productions. You can read the whole thing, but the important part starts about half way through with a question from the moderator that starts: "MP3: I wanted to ask -- you've been lecturing in schools for years now..."
2) Read Jeff Chang's thoughts on the interview here: http://www.cantstopwontstop.com/blog/2007_05_01_cantstopwontstop_archive.cfm
3) Also read Jeff Chang's thoughts on Eric Michael Dyson here: http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/07/23/DDG3GR3PHK1.DTL
4) And read this interview with Common from Pitchfork:
http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/news/44176-common-talks-new-album-gap-ad-spirituality
Monday, July 23, 2007
For Tuesday...
There is no single answer, so don't be afraid to offer your own thoughts...
Wednesday, July 18, 2007
For Thursday...
Monday, July 16, 2007
Welcome!
For Tuesday I'd like your thoughts on any or all of the following questions: What music do you listen to currently? What role does the image of the artist/group/music play in your relationship with the music? Would you describe your favorite performers as "authentic"?
Make sure you read other students' posts and try to make connections among the different ideas.
Monday, July 2, 2007
Stanley Fish on Country Music
NYTimes.com
July 1, 2007
Country Roads
“I’d like to check you for ticks.”
I was taking three days to drive from Florida to upstate New York last week when I heard that line coming out of the radio on the second day. On the first day I had done the respectable thing and searched the dial for NPR and classical music; but they were nowhere to be found after I left Savannah behind, and I was free to go where I always wanted to go anyway – to a country music station. You’re not going to come across a line like “I’d like to check you for ticks” anywhere else, and the same goes for an earlier line in the same Brad Paisley song, “You press that bottle to your lips and I wish I was your beer.”
At first I had an academic thought: this is Petrarchanism updated, a modern day turn on the convention – perfected by Francis Petrarch and passed on to John Donne and many others – of putting yourself in the place of an inanimate object that enjoys an envied proximity to your beloved. But I shook off the pseudo-intellectualism (at least for the moment) and surrendered to a pleasure that gets along quite nicely without the support of hallowed antecedents.
What is the pleasure? First of all, there is the sheer delight – self-indulgent, but earned – in the cleverness of the lyrics: “If I said you have a beautiful body, will you hold it against me? (It’s hard to imagine a neater instance of a purposefully ambiguous pronoun.) Where I’d like to be is “sitting next to you sitting next to me.” (The repetitions and alliterations mime the closeness the singer desires.) “I turn your picture to the wall when I’m lying next to her.” (Lying and lying.)
The lyrics, arresting as they are, do not stand alone. Usually they anchor a story – the motto of one station I had on was “A story in every song” – and that story typically unfolds in a three act drama marked at the end of each act by a refrain that changes meaning with every repetition. A recent example is Emerson Drive’s “Moments.”
In Act 1, the speaker tells us that at the end of a long walk, he was about to cross a bridge when an old homeless man asks him for change. He complies – he wouldn’t need it anyway, he remarks in an aside – and, clearly ashamed, the recipient of his charity declares, “I haven’t always been this way/ I’ve had my moments” — some of which he then recalls in a longish verse.
In Act 2, it becomes clear (although it is never explicitly stated) that our narrator wasn’t going to cross the bridge; he intended to jump. But the homeless man, recognizing “that look in my eyes” just “kept hanging around”; and it is now the singer’s turn to be ashamed and to say, “You know I haven’t always felt this way / I’ve had my moments.”
In Act 3, the singer, who has obviously lived to tell his tale, imagines the old man sitting “‘round a trash can fire” and once again rehearsing his moments … to which has now been added the moment “When a young man almost ended it / I was right there, wasn’t scared a bit / And I helped him to pull through / … I’ve had my moments.”
Not startlingly original, and a bit O’Henryish, but nicely satisfying. After all, where else can you get wordplay, narrative structure, pathos, morality and a small dose of social consciousness in three minutes or less?
You also get an entire culture or, rather, two. There is the culture of the country music industry itself, complete with a capitol city (Nashville), a famous venue (the Grand Ole Opry), a roster of legends, several dynasties, celebrity marriages, nasty divorces, innumerable rags to riches stories, ostentatious displays of wealth – clothes, cars, jewels, mansions, theme parks. Then there is the culture country music describes and from which its stars all claim to have emerged – hardscrabble, hard-drinking, hard-playing and hard-praying.
The emphasis is on family values and also on the many ways family values are eroded – by neglect, cheating, crime, poverty, illness, death. The dominant tone is an unapologetic celebration of country - life virtues (honesty, loyalty, friendship, piety) in the company of a nostalgia for the days, now vanished, when those virtues really flourished: She’s gone, “gone like a ‘59 Cadillac, like all the good things that ain’t never coming back.” (You could say, if you were of a mind, that country music is a version of pastoral, a genre that foregrounds a landscape that is understood no longer to exist.)
But if you enter, if only vicariously, into the country music culture, you have to swallow along with your enjoyment some stances and attitudes that might give you pause (or might not, depending on who you are).
It’s a man’s world, even though a large number of the stars and superstars are women. In this world it is men who have the responsibilities and therefore the opportunities to default on them and then write a song about it. In those songs women, especially wives and mothers, are venerated, but it is the kind of veneration reserved for forms of behavior – patience, forbearance, steadfastness, chastity – the singer can’t quite get the hang of. Songs sung from the perspective of a woman are often angry; they are about betrayal and the hard road every woman will inevitably travel: “Sometimes it’s hard to be a woman” (Tammy Wynette); “Here’s to the liars and the cheaters and the cold mistreaters” (Danielle Peck).
It’s a Christian world (and for “Christian” read “low Church Protestant”), where invocations of Jesus come as naturally as waking up in the morning. Think of it as Christian radio with all the sin left in. The religion is fierce and deep, and its consolations acknowledge the pain and trouble to which they are a not always adequate response: “God is great, but sometimes life ain’t good.”
It’s a white world. Not racist; there is no minority bashing; there are just no minorities. (Yes, I know about Charlie Pride and Cowboy Troy. Point made.)
It’s a patriotic world, given to flag-waving militarism, and distrustful of foreigners and their ways of life.
It’s a world without ethnicity (except for the southern trailer-trash kind), and everyone’s name sounds like two or three bitten-off anglo-saxon syllables: George Strait, Clint Black, Travis Tritt, Johnny Cash, Randy Travis, Vince Gill, Trent Tomlinson. Many of the names could be reversed and they’d still work fine: Travis Randy, Tritt Travis, Paisley Brad, Gill Vince, Tomlinson Trent.
It’s a “classist” world, with the favored class being lower middle, and the disfavored class being any with pretensions. “They raised her up a lady / But there’s one thing they couldn’t avoid, / Ladies love country boys” (Trace Adkins, or is it Adkins Trace?).
And it is a world that knows everything I have just said about it, revels in it, and puts it all into the songs. Never has a popular music scene been so self-referential. The singers caress the history they spring from, rehearsing the litany of the great singers – Hank, Dolly, Patsy, Waylon, Loretta, Willie, Tammy – whose ranks they hope to join. (Another link to the pastoral; a pastoral poet always begins by invoking a long list of predecessors.)
Of course, I wasn’t thinking about any of this while I was driving. I was listening to the music and accepting its pleasures, one of which was hearing Vince Gill and Dolly Parton sing Parton’s gloriously sentimental “I Will Always Love You” just as I crossed the Mason-Dixon line.
Tuesday, May 8, 2007
Stagecoach music festival
In the Desert, a Festival of Country and Its Kin
INDIO, Calif., May 7 — What does country music sound like in 2007? Well, around 3:15 on Sunday afternoon here in the California desert it sounded like a Chinese folk song struggling to be heard over a Guns N’ Roses medley.
That medley (“Paradise City” into “Sweet Child o’ Mine”) was the work of Jason Aldean, a rising star who has become a fixture on country radio. The Chinese folk song was the work of Abigail Washburn, a singer and banjo player who traces roots music across two continents. And the occasion was the inaugural Stagecoach country music festival, held on Saturday and Sunday.
Some five dozen acts played four stages on the fields of the Empire Polo Club, a location familiar to many noncountry fans. Stagecoach is a production of Goldenvoice, which produced the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival the previous weekend at the same site; Stagecoach is partly an attempt to squeeze more use (which is to say, money) out of the Coachella infrastructure. About 30,000 fans showed up each day: fewer than Coachella (which drew 50,000 to 60,000 a day), but more than enough to make this well-run weekend feel like a success.
The strong turnout was largely a testament to the drawing power of the four headlining acts. On Saturday night on the main stage the wily veterans Alan Jackson and George Strait played extraordinary sets, each drawing from his deep catalog of hits. And on Sunday night the top-selling duo Brooks & Dunn cranked out a string of elegant country-rock songs (including a lovely version of “Neon Moon”) before ceding the stage to the affable — and apparently tireless — young star Kenny Chesney, who must be one of America’s most popular singers in any genre.
The other three stages were full of cult acts, bluegrass virtuosos and cowboy storytellers; the performers included Kris Kristofferson, Neko Case, Garrison Keillor and many more. But not even Willie Nelson, appearing on the alt-country Palomino Stage, could draw a crowd to compete with the hit makers on the main one; no matter where you went, it was hard to escape the pull — or the thumping bass — of the main stage. Lots of people complain about it, but the Nashville system is still pretty good at finding and promoting credible stars and infectious songs. (Unlike many other genres, country music still sells well too.) Everywhere you looked this weekend, someone was singing along.
Unlike the usual Coachella crowd, this one was well equipped for a weekend outdoors: 2,200 recreation vehicles turned a nearby lot into a small and unusually festive temporary town; in front of the main stage folding chairs outnumbered cowboy hats, which is saying something. Instead of dashing from stage to stage, many fans simply picked a spot near the main stage and stayed put, happy to wait the seven hours, say, until Mr. Strait’s arrival. The crowd skewed older too: Coachella probably doesn’t draw this many parents, and it definitely doesn’t draw this many grandparents.
There were similarities too. Like the Coachella crowd, this one apparently believes that drinking beer is an effective substitute for sunblock. You could tell the time of day by examining the redness of fans’ torsos or, if you were willing to get that close, the glassiness of their eyes.
Between the big stage and the smaller ones it was possible to detect evidence of a continuing argument about the identity of country music. The small-stage acts generally went deep, emphasizing the genre’s history. The old-school bluegrass hero Del McCoury led his band through a cheerful, sprightly set then accepted requests; Emmylou Harris sang “Didn’t Leave Nobody but the Baby,” which she described as a cross between a field holler and a lullaby.
On Saturday Mr. Nelson sung Mr. Kristofferson’s classic ballad “Help Me Make It Through the Night,” or rather talked it, reciting the lyrics like a bartender listing what’s on tap. On Sunday Mr. Kristofferson took the song back, adding some melody (though not a lot) by growling the words instead. He also sang an updated version of “Don’t Let the Bastards Get You Down,” taking time to grumble about the Iraq war; that earned him some mild applause, though it might not have gone over so well on the main stage, where Brooks & Dunn brought down the house by bringing out some marines.
The combination of mainstream and nonmainstream acts is part of what sets Stagecoach apart from more established country music festivals: Country USA (in Wisconsin), CMA Music Festival (in Nashville, and formerly known as FanFair), MerleFest (in North Carolina), and many others. But sometimes this combination worked better in theory; judging from the turnout, your average Stagecoach attendee isn’t much interested in Ms. Case, who was (to be fair) up against Mr. Strait; despite her steel guitar player, she seemed out of place.
On the main stage, by contrast, many of the crowd favorites went wide instead of deep, de-emphasizing country music’s history in order to acknowledge its cultural associations. The popular duo Sugarland specializes in bubblegum rock with a Southern accent. Jennifer Nettles, the lead singer, recently won a Grammy for her appearance on Bon Jovi’s “Who Says You Can’t Go Home,” which was a No. 1 country hit. In a recent radio interview Ms. Nettles excitedly talked about meeting 50 Cent on Grammy night. These days country culture is often pop culture.
And the dominant sound of country music, as one after another main-stager proved, is upbeat Southern rock. Eric Church paid tribute to Ozzy Osbourne’s “Crazy Train”; Gary Allan played his hit cover of Vertical Horizon’s post-grunge ballad “Best I Ever Had”; Mr. Chesney warmed up the crowd with AC/DC. Mr. Aldean’s current single is called “Johnny Cash,” but don’t be fooled: it’s a beefy rock song that name-checks a country legend (“Blastin’ out to Johnny Cash, heading for the highway”) without reviving his style.
No disrespect to the pickers and raconteurs in the tents, but this crowd probably would have preferred a rock ’n’ roll stage: say, Third Eye Blind, Poison and some reconstituted version of Lynyrd Skynyrd. By now, all that stuff — bar-friendly rock from across the decades — is part of country’s heritage too.
In that sense Mr. Jackson and Mr. Strait — Alanandgeorge, in Stagecoachese — were glorious exceptions to the rule: flexible traditionalists who get their country-radio spins the old-fashioned way. Mr. Strait’s set was a tour de force: He’s a stoic crowd-pleaser (his big gesture is a faint smile) who has regularly been sending songs up the country chart for about a quarter-century. From Western swing (a tribute to his surroundings) to rowdy honky-tonk to stately love songs (including the gorgeous “Amarillo by Morning,” a trucker’s lament) to radio staples (like “Wrapped,” which is on the charts now), Mr. Strait showed why country music fans don’t always have to choose between an old favorite and a current hit maker.
Mr. Jackson’s set was shorter but even more impressive. He’s sly enough to amuse frat boys and fogies alike (as he did with “Pop a Top,” a fizzy drinking song), subtly hinting to each constituency that he’s really one of them. His version of “Like Red on a Rose,” the title track from his excellent 2006 album, might have been the festival’s highlight: a slow-motion love song, ascending into the desert sky.
And yes, he did “Don’t Rock the Jukebox,” an early hit that makes a tongue-in-cheek case for country purism. (“I don’t feel like rocking, since my baby’s gone/So don’t rock the jukebox, play me a country song.”) It might have sounded like a rebuke to country’s current rock ’n’ roll fixation, except that it was preceded by a snippet of Aerosmith’s “Walk This Way.”
While Mr. Jackson found subtle ways to give people what they wanted, Mr. Chesney saw no need for subtlety. His Sunday night performance, which ended the festival, began with five easygoing, upbeat country-rock songs in a row, affirming the country-rock consensus he has helped create.
Festivals like Stagecoach strive to be singular, but part of what’s interesting about them is how typical they are: Get 30,000 country fans together and you’ll get a rough sense of what country music is like these days. Sure, the old mountain music still has a following, but it’s not hard to see why so many listeners (and the stars who aim to please them) want to hear the electric guitars turned up loud. As Mr. Chesney put it, “I’ve been livin’ in fast forward/Hillbilly rock star, out of control.” You can argue with just about every word in that couplet, but not “rock” or “star.”
Wednesday, April 25, 2007
Don't Blame Hip Hop
April 25, 2007
Don’t Blame Hip-Hop
Hip-hop has been making enemies for as long as it has been winning fans. It has been dismissed as noise, blamed for concert riots, accused of glorifying crime and sexism and greed and Ebonics. From Run-D.M.C. to Sister Souljah to Tupac Shakur to Young Jeezy, the story of hip-hop is partly the story of those who have been irritated, even horrified, by it.
Even so, the anti-hip-hop fervor of the last few weeks has been extraordinary, if not quite unprecedented. Somehow Don Imus’s ill-considered characterization of the Rutgers women’s basketball team — “some nappy-headed hos” — led not only to his firing but also to a discussion of the crude language some rappers use. Mr. Imus and the Rev. Al Sharpton traded words on Mr. Sharpton’s radio show and on “Today,” and soon the hip-hop industry had been pulled into the fray.
Unlike previous hip-hop controversies, this one doesn’t have a villain, or even a villainous song. The current state of hip-hop seems almost irrelevant to the current discussion. The genre has already acquired (and it’s fair to say earned) a reputation for bad language and bad behavior. Soon after Mr. Imus’s firing, The Daily News had Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton, Democrat of New York, splashed on its cover alongside the hip-hop producer Timbaland, whose oeuvre includes some Imusian language. He had helped arrange a fund-raiser for her and apparently was now a liability. Oprah Winfrey organized a two-show “town meeting” on what’s wrong with hip-hop — starting with the ubiquity of the word “ho” and its slipperier cousin, “bitch” — and how to fix it. The hip-hop impresario Russell Simmons, who appeared on the show, promised to take action, but last Thursday a planned press conference with hip-hop record label executives was canceled at the last minute, with scant explanation.
On Monday, Mr. Simmons and Ben Chavis, leaders of the Hip-Hop Summit Action Network, released a statement that said, in part, “We recommend that the recording and broadcast industries voluntarily remove/bleep/delete the misogynistic words ‘bitch’ and ‘ho’ ” and a third term, a common racial epithet. (That already happens on the radio; it seemed the two were suggesting that all albums be censored too.) Mr. Simmons helped create the hip-hop industry, and he has always spoken as a rap insider. Monday’s statement was remarkable partly because he was speaking as a hip-hop outsider, unable (so far) to persuade the executives to go along with him.
A different sort of criticism was voiced in this Sunday’s episode of “60 Minutes”: Anderson Cooper was the host of a segment arguing that hip-hop culture had popularized an anti-snitching ethos that was undermining the police and allowing criminals to operate with relative impunity. The rapper Cam’ron, who was shot in 2005, cheerfully told Mr. Cooper that cooperating with police would hurt his professional reputation and run counter to “the way I was raised.” Asked what he would do if he were living next door to a serial killer, Cam’ron merely shrugged and said he would move. The segment said remarkably little about the fear and anger that might help create such an anti-police culture. Even if Cam’ron is just doing what sells, the question remains: Why is this what sells?
None of these complaints are new exactly. Few rappers have used the words “ho” and “bitch” as enthusiastically — or as effectively — as Snoop Dogg, who has spent 15 years transforming himself into cuddly pop star from a menacing rapper, while remaining as foul-mouthed as ever. And rappers’ hostility toward the police has been a flashpoint since the late 1980s, when the members of N.W.A. stated their position more pithily than this newspaper will allow.
Nowadays, as all but the most intemperate foes of hip-hop readily admit, this is not a debate about freedom of speech; most people agree that rappers have the right to say just about anything. This is, rather, a debate about hip-hop’s vexed position in the American mainstream. On “Oprah,” Diane Weathers, the former editor in chief of Essence magazine, said, “I think Snoop should lose his contract — I don’t think he should be on the Jay Leno show.”
On “60 Minutes,” Mr. Cooper kept reminding viewers that hip-hop was “promoted by major corporations,” and he mentioned anti-snitching imagery on album covers. What he showed, though, was a picture taken from a mixtape, not a major label release.
That’s a small quibble, perhaps, but a telling one. In the wake of Mr. Imus’s firing, some commentators talked about a double standard in the media, though “double” seemed like an understatement. Like MySpace users and politicians and reality-television stars and, yes, talk-radio hosts, rappers are trying to negotiate a culture in which the boundaries of public and private space keep changing, along with the multiplying standards that govern them. This means that mainstream culture is becoming less prim (or more crude, if you prefer), and it’s getting harder to keep the sordid stuff on the margins.
This also means that just about nothing flies under the radar: a tossed-off comment on the radio can get you fired, just as a fairly obscure mixtape can find its way onto “60 Minutes” as an exemplar of mainstream hip-hop culture.
You can scoff at Mr. Simmons’s modest proposal, but at the very least, he deserves credit for advancing a workable one, and for endorsing the kind of soft censorship that many of hip-hop’s detractors are too squeamish to mention. Consumers have learned to live with all sorts of semi-voluntary censorship, including the film rating system, the F.C.C.’s regulation of broadcast media and the self-regulation of basic cable networks. Hip-hop fans, in particular, have come to expect that many of their favorite songs will reach radio in expurgated form with curses, epithets, drug references and mentions of violence deleted. Those major corporations that Mr. Cooper mentioned aren’t very good at promoting so-called positivity or wholesome community-mindedness. But give them some words to snip and they’ll diligently (if grudgingly) snip away.
It’s not hard to figure out why some people are upset about the way Mr. Simmons’s three least-favorite words have edged into the mainstream. One of hip-hop’s many antecedents is the venerable African-American oral tradition known as toasting; those toasts are full of those three words. Hip-hop took those rhymes from the street corner to the radio, and those old-fashioned dirty jokes are surely meant to shock people like Ms. Winfrey. Once upon a time, such lyrics (if they had been disseminated) might have been denounced for their moral turpitude, but now they’re more likely to be denounced for their sexism. Both verdicts are probably correct, and each says something about mainstream society’s shifting priorities and taboos. Maybe dirty jokes never change, only the soap does.
Mr. Imus has one thing in common with rappers, after all. Like him, many rappers have negotiated an uneasy relationship with the mainstream: they are corporate entertainers who portray themselves as outspoken mavericks; they are paid to say private things (sometimes offensive things) in public. It’s an inherently volatile arrangement, bound to create blow-ups small and big. Mr. Simmons’s proposal could buy some rappers a few years’ reprieve. But it wouldn’t be surprising if the big record companies eventually decided that brash — and brilliant — rappers like Cam’ron were more trouble than they were worth. (Cam’ron’s last two albums haven’t sold well.) Why not spend that extra money on a clean-cut R&B singer, or a kid-friendly pop group?
The strangest thing about the last few weeks was the fact that hardly any current hip-hop artists were discussed. (All these years later, we’re still talking about Snoop Dogg?) Maybe that’s because hip-hop isn’t in an especially filthy mood right now. It sounds more light-hearted and clean-cut than it has in years. Hip-hop radio is full of cheerful dance tracks like Huey’s “Pop, Lock & Drop It,” Crime Mob’s “Rock Yo Hips,” Mims’s “This Is Why I’m Hot” and Swizz Beatz’s “It’s Me, Snitches.” (The title and song were censored to exclude one of the three inflammatory words — proof that this snipping business can be tricky.)
On BET’s “106 & Park,” one of hip-hop’s definitive television shows, you can watch a fresh-faced audience applaud these songs, cheered on by relentlessly positive hosts. For all the panicky talk about hip-hop lyrics, the current situation suggests a scarier possibility, both for hip-hop’s fans and its detractors. What if hip-hop’s lyrics shifted from tough talk and crude jokes to playful club exhortations — and it didn’t much matter? What if the controversial lyrics quieted down, but the problems didn’t? What if hip-hop didn’t matter that much, after all?
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/25/arts/music/25hiph.html